Several superspeciality hospitals in, India offer comprehensive urological services and are equipped with world class endoscopy instruments and machinery to diagnose and treat stone disease, urological cancer, incontinence (unable to control our bladder & bowels), infertility, impotency and other urinary difficulties.

In India facilities for the treatment of prostrate, bladder cancer, urethral strictures are also available. The urodynamics equipment is also installed in some hospitals in India this equipment diagnose dysfunction of urinary bladder leading to urinary incontinence. In India Kidney and ureteric stones are treated without surgery by lithotripsy method. An advanced machine like the litho star obvert is used for anesthesia in the treatment of kidney and ureteric stones. In India Investigation and treatment facilities for impotence and Male/Female infertility with specialized facilities for pharmacotherapy, cavernosometry and cavernosography is available, in addition to Doppler studies for assessment of blood flow. In India There is special urological disorder clinic for ladies.

Urology Services Available In India:

Pediatric Urology:



»Management of congenial problems like PUJ obstruction, obstructed megaureter and posterior

urethras valves etc.

»Calculous disease

»Malignancies.

Adult Urology :

»Stone Disease Endoscopically by Uretreroscopy and percutaneous Nephrolithotripsy.

»Urethral Stricture.

»Benign Enlargement of prostate. And TUR prostate,

»Open Urology Procedures

»Stone disease

»Obstruction

»Malignancies of kidney, ureter, bladder & prostate.

»Urethroplasty

»Diagnosis & treatment of erectile dysfunction

»Male infertility



»Renal Transplantation

What is a Kidney Stone?

A kidney stone is a hard mass developed from crystals that separate from the urine and build up on the inner surfaces of the kidney. Normally, urine contains chemicals that prevent or inhibit the crystals from forming. These inhibitors do not seem to work for everyone, however, so some people form stones. If the crystals remain tiny enough, they will travel through the urinary tract and pass out of the body in the urine without being noticed. Kidney stones may contain various combinations of chemicals. The most common type of stone contains calcium in combination with either oxalate or phosphate. These chemicals are part of a person's normal diet and make up important parts of the body, such as bones and muscles.

A less common type of stone is caused by infection in the urinary tract. This type of stone is called a struvite or infection stone. A bit less common is the uric acid stone. Cystine stones are rare.Urolithiasis is the medical term used to describe stones occurring in the urinary tract. Other frequently used terms are urinary tract stone disease and nephrolithiasis. Doctors also use terms that describe the location of the stone in the urinary tract. For example, a ureteral stone (or ureterolithiasis) is a kidney stone found in the ureter. To keep things simple, however, the term "kidney stones" is used throughout this fact sheet.Gallstones and kidney stones are not related. They form in different areas of the body. If you have a gallstone, you are not necessarily more likely to develop kidney stones.

What causes kidney stones?

Kidney stones form when there is a decrease in urine volume or an excess of stone-forming substances in the urine. The most common type of kidney stone contains calcium in combination with either oxalate or phosphate. Other chemical compounds that can form stones in the urinary tract include uric acid and the amino acid cystine.

Dehydration through reduced fluid intake or strenuous exercise without adequate fluid replacement increases the risk of kidney stones. Obstruction to the flow of urine can also lead to stone formation. Kidney stones associated with infection in the urinary tract are known as struvite or infection stones. Men are especially likely to develop kidney stones, and whites get them more often than African American. The prevalence of kidney stones begins to rise when men reach their 40s and continues to climb into their 70s. People who have already had more than one kidney stone are prone to develop more stones.

What are the Symptoms of Kidney Stone?

First we must define a urinary kidney stone as a cluster of crystals which have formed in the urinary tract. Urinary stones can be described by their location as kidney stones, ureteral stones or bladder stones. The location of the stone in the urinary tract may often be determined by the location of the symptoms they are causing. In most cases stones are initially formed in the kidney where they generally don't cause symptoms. They may be dissolved by the presence of blood or infection in the urine on route to examination. Sometimes they can grow large enough to damage the kidney, which may cause discomfort in the back or flank area. Generally it is not until a kidney stone begins to pass out of the kidney and move down the ureter that we become aware of its presence.

Pain Distribution

The first symptom of a kidney stone is usually onset of severe, excruciating pain in the flank or mid back area. This pain is often the result of a stone moving in the urinary tract, causing irritation and blockage of urine flow. Nausea and vomiting can accompany this pain, and the pain may spread to the pelvis, groin, and genitals. The passage of large stones can be complicated when trying to squeeze through the narrow ureter. This may result in hematuria, a condition where blood is found in the urine. As the stone passes down the ureter toward the bladder, it can cause an increased urge to urinate, painful or burning urination, excessive urination at night, and urinary hesitancy. Other symptoms may include abnormal urine color or appearance, tenderness in abdomen or back when touched, and loss of appetite. If fever or chills are present with any of these symptoms, an infection may be present, in which cases one should see a doctor immediately

How are Kidney Stones treated?

Fortunately, surgery is not usually necessary. Most kidney stones can pass through the urinary system with plenty of water (2 to 3 quarts a day) to help move the stone along. Often, you can stay home during this process, drinking fluids and taking pain medication as needed. The doctor usually asks you to save the passed stone(s) for testing.

The First Step: Prevention

If you've had more than one kidney stone, you are likely to form another; so prevention is very important. To prevent stones from forming, your doctor must determine their cause. He or she will order laboratory tests, including urine and blood tests. Your doctor will also ask about your medical history, occupation, and eating habits. If a stone has been removed, or if you've passed a stone and saved it, the laboratory should analyze it because its composition helps in planning treatment.

You may be asked to collect your urine for 24 hours after a stone has passed or been removed. The sample is used to measure urine volume and levels of acidity, calcium, sodium, uric acid, oxalate, citrate, and creatinine (a product of muscle metabolism). Your doctor will use this information to determine the cause of the stone. A second 24-hour urine collection may be needed to determine whether the prescribed treatment is working.

Lifestyle Changes

A simple and most important lifestyle change to prevent stones is to drink more liquids-water is best. If you tend to form stones, you should try to drink enough liquids throughout the day to produce at least 2 quarts of urine in every 24-hour period.

People who form calcium stones used to be told to avoid dairy products and other foods with high calcium content. But recent studies have shown that foods high in calcium, including dairy products, may help prevent calcium stones. Taking calcium in pill form, however, may increase the risk of developing stones.

You may be told to avoid food with added vitamin D and certain types of antacids that have a calcium base. If you have very acidic urine, you may need to eat less meat, fish, and poultry. These foods increase the amount of acid in the urine.

To prevent cystine stones, you should drink enough water each day to dilute the concentration of cystine that escapes into the urine, which may be difficult. More than a gallon of water may be needed every 24 hours, and a third of that must be drunk during the night.

For affordable and low cost Kidney Stone Treatment in India, contact- Dheeraj Bojwani-MD

Important Details:

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